Indlela yokujongana nodaka olusuka kwizityalo zokucocwa kogutyulo lwasezidolophini?

Utoliko loMgaqo-nkqubo

"IiNgcaciso zobuGcisa zoNyango kunye nokuLahlwa koLudaka kwiZityalo zokucocwa koGutyulo lwaseziDolophini"

NgoJulayi 27

"IiNgcaciso zobuGcisa zoNyango kunye nokuLahlwa koLudaka kwiZityalo zokucocwa koGutyulo lwaseziDolophini"

Iphunyezwe ngokusesikweni
Lo mgangatho uchaza amanyathelo onyango kunye nokulahlwa kodaka kwiindawo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka ezidolophini, kwaye uphakamisa iindlela zokulahla ezicetyiswayo ngokwemimandla eyahlukeneyo. Icacisa iimfuno zolawulo longcoliseko kwinkqubo yokulahlwa kodaka, kwaye ibonelela ngenkxaso yobugcisa kulawulo longcoliseko kunye nokusetyenziswa kobutyebi bodaka kwiindawo zokucocwa kogutyulo lwasezidolophini. Makhe sijonge ingcaciso eneenkcukacha.
Ithini imvelaphi kunye nokubaluleka kokuqaliswa komgangatho?

I-Sludge kwizityalo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka ezidolophini zibhekiselele kwizinto ezizii-semi-solid okanye eziqinileyo ezinemixholo yamanzi eyahlukeneyo eveliswe ngexesha lokucocwa kogutyulo lwasezidolophini, ngaphandle kweentsalela zesikrini, i-scum kunye negrit kumagumbi egrit, kwaye iyimveliso engenakuphepheka yezityalo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka. I-sludge iqulethe izinto eziphilayo, i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-potassium kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo zokulandelela ezinexabiso elinokusetyenziswa. Ukongeza, ikwaqulethe izinto ze-pathogenic ezifana namaqanda e-parasite kunye ne-pathogenic microorganisms, isinyithi esinzima esinjengobhedu, ilothe kunye nechromium, kunye nezinto ezinobuthi ezinobuthi ezinzima kunye neziyingozi ezifana ne-polychlorinated biphenyls kunye ne-polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons. Ukuba ayilahlwanga ngokufanelekileyo, kulula ukubangela ungcoliseko lwesibini. Ngenxa yokuba ugxininiso lwexesha elide lubekwe kunyango lwamanzi amdaka kwaye ugxininiso oluncinci lubekwe kunyango lodaka kunye nokulahlwa, iteknoloji yokulahla i-sludge iye yasala ngasemva.

Iindlela zokulahla inkunkuma kwiphondo lethu zibandakanya ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokwakha nokutshisa, kodwa ukulahla inkunkuma kuseyeyona ndlela iphambili okwangoku, kwaye nesantya sokusetyenziswa kobutyebi sisezantsi. Ngenxa yeempawu ezingacacanga zodaka kunye nempembelelo engacacanga kwindalo esingqongileyo emva kokulahlwa, iindlela zokulahlwa kodaka kwiindawo zokucocwa kogutyulo olusezidolophini kwiphondo lethu azinamsebenzi. Nangona ilizwe liye lakhupha ngokulandelelana uthotho lwemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nemigangatho yonyango lwe-sludge kunye nokulahlwa, baneempawu zokukhululwa kwangaphambili, akukho ngqalelo yokwahlukana kwemimandla kunye nokungabikho kwe-pertinence. Kwisixeko okanye isiphaluka esithile kwiphondo lethu, indlela yokulahlwa kodaka ayikaziwa, nto leyo ekhokelela kwinqanaba langoku lokulahlwa kodaka libe ngumqobo obalulekileyo othintela uphuhliso olusempilweni lwezakhiwo zokucocwa kogutyulo ezidolophini. Ukusombulula ingxaki yokulahlwa kodaka sele kumbovu.

Ukuphendula ukunqongophala konyango lwe-sludge kunye nemigangatho yokulahlwa efanelekileyo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo enyakatho yeShaanxi, eGuanzhong nakumazantsi eShaanxi, iSebe lePhondo le-Ecology kunye nokusiNgqongileyo liye laqulunqa "IiNkcazo zezoBugcisa zokuNyangwa kwe-Sludge kunye nokuLahlwa kweZityalo zokucoca amanzi amdaka eDolophini". Ukuphunyezwa komgangatho kuya kuphucula umgangatho womgangatho wokucocwa kunye nokulahlwa kodaka kwiphondo lethu ngokwemigaqo yoyilo, ukusebenza kunye nokugcinwa, kunye nokulawula, ukukhuthaza uphuhliso olunempilo nolulungileyo lweshishini lokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka ezidolophini, kunye nokukhuthaza ukhuseleko lwendalo kunye nokuphakama okuphezulu. -uphuhliso olusemgangathweni lwe-Yellow River Basin kwiphondo lethu, kunye nokhuseleko lomgangatho wamanzi kwindawo yogcino lomthombo wamanzi weProjekthi ePhakamisayo yaManzi eMazantsi ukuya eMntla yeProjekthi ePhakathi.

Umgangatho usebenza kowuphi umda?

Isebenza kuyilo, ulwakhiwo, ukusebenza, ulawulo, ukwamkelwa kokugqiba kunye novavanyo lwempembelelo yokusingqongileyo yokucocwa kodaka kunye nokulahlwa kwezixhobo zokucocwa kogutyulo lwasezidolophini.

Ayisebenzi kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zodaka lwamashishini.

Umisela ntoni umgangatho?

Okokuqala, ibeka umgangatho weemfuno zobugcisa kwiintlobo ezintlanu zokunyanga i-sludge kunye neentlobo ezine zokulahla kwiindawo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka asezidolophini;

Okwesibini, iphakamisa iindlela ezicetyiswayo zokulahla udaka kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo;

Okwesithathu, icacisa iimfuno zendawo yokusebenza kunye nemigangatho yokukhutshwa kokungcola ngexesha lonyango kunye nokulahlwa kodaka.

Zeziphi iindlela ezicetyiswayo zokulahla udaka kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yephondo lethu?

Ummandla waseGuanzhong: Umyalelo ocetyiswayo wokulahlwa kodaka eXi'an kukutshiswa okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zokwakha, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, kunye nokulahla inkunkuma. Umyalelo ocetyiswayo wokulahlwa kodaka kwisiXeko sase-Baoji, kwisiXeko saseTongchuan, kwisiXeko sase-Weinan, kwiNdawo yokuBonisa yezoLimo yoBuchwephesha obuPhezulu baseYangling, kunye neSixeko saseHancheng kusetyenziso lomhlaba okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemathiriyeli yokwakha, ukutshiswa, kunye netiphu. Umyalelo ocetyiswayo wokulahlwa kodaka kwisiXeko saseXianyang kukutshisa okanye ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zokwakha, kunye nokulahla inkunkuma.

Northern Shaanxi: Umyalelo ocetyiswayo wokulahlwa kodaka kukusetyenziswa komhlaba, ukusetyenziswa kwemathiriyeli yokwakha, ukutshiswa, kunye netiphu.

I-Southern Shaanxi: Umyalelo ocetyiswayo wokulahlwa kodaka kukusetyenziswa komhlaba, ukutshiswa, ukusetyenziswa kwemathiriyeli yokwakha, kunye netiphu.

Yeyiphi imigaqo ekufuneka ilandelwe ziiyunithi zokulahla udaka xa ukhetha iindlela zokulahla udaka? Yeyiphi imiba efanele inikwe ingqalelo?

Ukukhethwa kweendlela zokulahla udaka kufuneka kulandele imigaqo emithathu:

Okokuqala, umgaqo "wokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kunye nokutshisa njengeyona nto iphambili, indawo yokulahla inkunkuma njengento encedisayo" kufuneka ilandelwe, kunye nemveliso ye-sludge, iimpawu zodaka, indawo yejografi, ukuthuthwa kodaka, iimeko zokusingqongileyo kunye nenqanaba lophuhliso loqoqosho nentlalo kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngokubanzi. ngokufanelekileyo khetha indlela yokulahla.

Okwesibini, ukuchithwa kwe-sludge kufuneka kuhambelane nesicwangciso sonyango lwe-sludge kunye nesicwangciso sokulahla, kudibaniswe nenyani yendawo, kwaye kulungelelaniswa nezicwangciso ezifanelekileyo ezifana nococeko lwendalo kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba.

Okwesithathu, ngokwendlela yokulahla i-sludge, iteknoloji yonyango ehambelanayo kufuneka ikhethwe. Ngokomzekelo, xa i-sludge ichithwa ngokusetyenziswa komhlaba, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ukhethe ukugaywa kwe-anaerobic, ukuvutshelwa kwe-aerobic kunye nezinye iteknoloji zonyango; xa ichithwa ngokutshisa, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ukhethe ukomiswa kwe-thermal kunye nobunye ubuchwepheshe bonyango; xa ichithwa ngokusetyenziswa kwezinto zokwakha, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ukhethe ukomiswa kwe-thermal kunye nokuzinza kwe-lime kunye nobunye ubuchwepheshe bonyango; xa ilahlwa ngokulahla inkunkuma, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ukhethe ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni, ukomiswa kwe-thermal, ukuzinzisa kwekalika kunye nobunye ubugcisa bonyango.

Izilumkiso ezifanelekileyo ziquka imiba emihlanu:

Okokuqala, ukuba kukho umhlaba we-saline-alkali, umhlaba oyintlango kunye nemigodi eshiyiweyo kufuphi nendawo ye-sludge, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kuthathwe iindlela zokusetyenziswa komhlaba, ezifana nokulungiswa komhlaba kunye nokuphucula.

Okwesibini, ukuba kukho indawo yokuvelisa amandla obushushu okanye indawo yokutshisa inkunkuma kufutshane nendawo yodaka, kufuneka kusetyenziswe ukutshisa.

Okwesithathu, ukuba kukho umzi-mveliso wesamente okanye umzi-mveliso wezitena kufuphi nesiza sodaka, kufuneka kusetyenziswe izinto zokwakha.

Okwesine, ukuba kukho indawo yokulahla inkunkuma ecocekileyo kufutshane nesiza sodaka, kufuneka isetyenziswe njengesongezo sokugquma umhlaba.

Okwesihlanu, xa ubuncwane bomhlaba kwindawo yodaka bunqabile, kufuneka kusetyenziswe ukutshisa okanye izinto zokwakha.

Zeziphi iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokusetyenziswa komhlaba wodaka kulo mgangatho? Luluphi uhlolo ekufuneka lwenziwe kwindawo yodaka kunye nesiza sokufaka isicelo phambi nasemva kokusetyenziswa komhlaba wodaka?

Iindlela zokusetyenziswa komhlaba we-sludge kulo mgangatho zibandakanya ukuhlelwa komhlaba, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba wehlathi, ukulungiswa komhlaba kunye nokuphucula.

Ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa komhlaba, iyunithi yokulahla i-sludge kufuneka ibeke iliso kwizinto ezingcolisayo kwi-sludge. Okukhona sikhulu isixa sesicelo, kokukhona siphezulu ukujongwa rhoqo. Kwangaxeshanye, amaxabiso angasemva ezalathisi ezahlukeneyo zongcoliseko kumhlaba nakumanzi aphantsi komhlaba kwindawo yesicelo kufuneka abekwe iliso.

Emva kokusetyenziswa komhlaba we-sludge, iyunithi yokulahla i-sludge kufuneka ijonge rhoqo umhlaba kunye namanzi aphantsi komhlaba emva kokuba i-sludge isetyenzisiwe, kwaye ijonge ukukhula kwezityalo.

Iirekhodi zokubek'esweni kunye noqwalaselo kufuneka zigcinwe ngaphezu kweminyaka emi-5.

Ngaba kuyimfuneko ukunyanga i-sludge kwangaphambili ngaphambi kokugaywa kwe-anaerobic?

Okwangoku, ukugaywa kwe-anaerobic yenye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswayo kunyango lodaka kwiindawo zokucocwa kogutyulo lwasezidolophini. Inkqubo yokwetyisa i-anaerobic ikakhulu iqulathe izigaba ezine: i-hydrolysis, i-acidification, imveliso ye-acetic acid kunye nokuveliswa kwemethane. Ekubeni uninzi lwe-matrix yezondlo ezifunwa yi-microorganisms kwinkqubo ye-hydrolysis ikhona ngaphakathi kwe-sludge flocs kunye ne-microbial cell membranes (endonga), izinga lokugaya i-anaerobic lilinganiselwe xa i-enzymes ye-extracellular ingadibani ngokwaneleyo kunye ne-matrix yezondlo. Itekhnoloji esebenzayo yokulungisa i-sludge ingasetyenziselwa ukutshabalalisa i-sludge flocs kunye ne-sludge cell membranes (endonga), ukukhulula i-matrix yezondlo, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-anaerobic digestion.

Zeziphi izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa kusakhiwa indawo esembindini yokuvundisa kwe-aerobic?

Ngexesha lothutho kunye nokuqokelelana kwexesha elide, i-sludge ephelelwe ngamanzi inokuchitha i-sludge, ikhuphe ivumba, njl., Okuya konakalisa indawo yasezidolophini kunye nokusingqongileyo kwe-atmospheric. Ke ngoko, ukhetho lwesiza sayo kufuneka luhambelane nesicwangciso sobuchule sokwakhiwa kwedolophu, isicwangciso sokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kwendalo, isicwangciso sobuchwephesha bococeko lokusingqongileyo edolophini kunye neminye imimiselo efanelekileyo, kunye nokubonisana ngokupheleleyo nezimvo zabantu basekuhlaleni.

Ngelo xesha, unyango kunye nomthamo wokuthutha wekhonkco nganye kwindlela yokusebenza ye-sludge kufuneka icwangciswe ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi komthamo wonyango weprojekthi kunye nomthamo owamkelekileyo kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngokubanzi ukuqinisekisa ukubola okunzulu kwe-sludge emva kokuvutshelwa kunye ukuphucula ukhuseleko lokusetyenziswa komhlaba.