Ungabhekana kanjani ne-sludge evela ezitshalweni zokuhlanza indle yasekhaya?

Ukuhunyushwa Kwenqubomgomo

"Izici Zobuchwepheshe Zokwelashwa Nokulahlwa Kodaka Ezimbonini Zokukhuculula Indle Emadolobheni"

Julayi 27

"Izici Zobuchwepheshe Zokwelashwa Nokulahlwa Kodaka Ezimbonini Zokukhuculula Indle Emadolobheni"

Kwenziwe ngokusemthethweni
Leli zinga licacisa izindlela zokwelashwa nokulahlwa kodaka ezindaweni zokuhlanza indle emadolobheni, futhi liphakamisa izindlela zokulahla ezinconyiwe ngokuya ngezifunda ezahlukahlukene. Icacisa izidingo zokulawula ukunukubezeka ohlelweni lokulahlwa kodaka, futhi ihlinzeka ngosizo lobuchwepheshe ekulawuleni ukungcola kanye nokusetshenziswa kwensiza kodaka ezikhungweni zokukhuculula indle emadolobheni. Ake sibheke incazelo enemininingwane.
Iyini isizinda kanye nokubaluleka kokwethulwa kwezinga?

Udaka olusezindlini zokuhlanza indle emadolobheni lubhekisela ezintweni eziqinile noma eziqinile ezinamanzi ahlukene akhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuhlanzwa kwendle yasemadolobheni, ngaphandle kwezinsalela zesikrini, udoti kanye nenhlaka emakamelweni ezinhlayiya, futhi kuwumkhiqizo ongenakugwenywa wezitshalo zokuhlanza indle. Udaka luqukethe i-organic matter, i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-potassium nezinye izinto zokulandela umkhondo ezinenani elingase lisetshenziswe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphinde ibe nezinto ze-pathogenic ezifana namaqanda e-parasite nama-microorganisms e-pathogenic, izinsimbi ezisindayo njengethusi, umthofu ne-chromium, kanye nezinto ezinobuthi ezinzima neziyingozi ezifana nama-polychlorinated biphenyls kanye nama-polycyclic amnandi hydrocarbons. Uma kungalahlwanga kahle, kulula ukubangela ukungcola kwesibili. Ngenxa yokuthi kugcizelelwe isikhathi eside ekuhlanzeni amanzi angcolile futhi kugcizelelwe kancane ekuhlanzweni nasekulahlweni kodaka, ubuchwepheshe bokulahla udaka lusalele emuva.

Izindlela zokulahla udaka esifundazweni sethu zifaka ukulahlwa kwemfucuza, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, ukusetshenziswa kwempahla yokwakha nokushiswa, kodwa ukulahlwa kwemfucuza kuseyiyona ndlela eyinhloko njengamanje, futhi izinga lokusebenzisa izinsiza liphansi. Ngenxa yezimpawu ezingacacile zodaka kanye nomthelela ongacacile endaweni yemvelo ngemuva kokulahlwa, izindlela zokulahlwa kodaka ezikhungweni zokukhuculula indle emadolobheni esifundazweni sethu azisebenzi. Nakuba izwe liye lakhipha ngokulandelana uchungechunge lwezinqubomgomo namazinga mayelana nokwelashwa nokulahlwa kodaka, anezici zokukhishwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, akukho ukucatshangelwa komehluko wesifunda kanye nokuntuleka kokufaneleka. Edolobheni elithile noma esifundeni sethu, indlela yokulahla udaka ayaziwa namanje, okuholela ekutheni isigaba samanje sokulahlwa kodaka sibe umgoqo obalulekile ovimbela ukuthuthukiswa okunempilo kwezikhungo zokukhuculula indle emadolobheni. Ukuxazulula inkinga yokulahla udaka sekuseduze.

Ukuphendula ukuntuleka kokwelashwa kodaka kanye namazinga okulahlwa afanele izifunda ezihlukene enyakatho yeShaanxi, Guanzhong naseningizimu yeShaanxi, uMnyango Wesifundazwe wezeMvelo neMvelo wenze "Izicaciso Zobuchwepheshe Zokuhlanza Nokulahlwa Kwezimboni Zokuhlanza Amanzi Angcolile Emadolobheni". Ukuqaliswa kwaleli zinga kuzothuthukisa izinga lokumiswa kokuhlanzeka nokulahlwa kodaka esifundazweni sethu ngokomklamo, ukusebenza nokugcinwa kahle, nokuphathwa, kugqugquzele ukuthuthukiswa okunempilo nokunobuntu kwemboni yokuthuthwa kwendle emadolobheni, futhi kukhuthaze ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nokuphakama okuphezulu. -ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi yeYellow River Basin esifundazweni sethu, kanye nokuphepha kwekhwalithi yamanzi endaweni yokongiwa kwemithombo yamanzi yoMzila oPhakathi weProjekthi ye-South-to-North Water Diversion Project.

Izinga lisebenza kumuphi umkhakha?

Isebenza ekwakhiweni, ekwakhiweni, ekusebenzeni, ekuphatheni, ekwamukelweni kokuqedwa kanye nasekuhloleni umthelela wemvelo wokulahlwa kodaka kanye nokulahlwa kwezindawo zokukhuculula indle emadolobheni.

Ayisebenzi ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zodaka lwezimboni.

Lisho ukuthini izinga?

Okokuqala, ilinganisa izidingo zobuchwepheshe zezinhlobo ezinhlanu zokwelashwa kodaka kanye nezinhlobo ezine zokulahlwa ezindaweni zokuhlanza indle emadolobheni;

Okwesibili, iphakamisa izindlela ezinconyiwe zokulahla udaka ezifundeni ezahlukene;

Okwesithathu, icacisa izidingo zendawo yokusebenza kanye nezindinganiso zokukhipha ukungcola ngesikhathi sokwelashwa nokulahlwa kodaka.

Yiziphi izindlela ezinconyiwe zokulahla udaka ezifundeni ezahlukene zesifundazwe sethu?

Isifunda sase-Guanzhong: I-oda elinconyiwe lokulahlwa kodaka e-Xi'an ukushiswa noma ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwakha, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, nokulahlwa kwemfucumfucu. I-oda elinconyiwe lokulahlwa kodaka e-Baoji City, Tongchuan City, Weinan City, Yangling Agricultural High-tech Industrial Demonstration Zone, kanye neDolobha lase-Hancheng ukusetshenziswa komhlaba noma ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwakha, ukushiswa, kanye nokulahlwa kwemfucumfucu. I-oda elinconyiwe lokulahlwa kodaka eDolobheni lase-Xianyang ukushiswa noma ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwakha, kanye nokulahlwa komhlaba.

I-Northern Shaanxi: I-oda elinconyiwe lokulahlwa kodaka ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwakha, ukushiswa, kanye nokulahlwa kwemfucumfucu.

I-Southern Shaanxi: I-oda elinconyiwe lokulahlwa kodaka ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, ukushiswa, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwakha, kanye nokulahlwa komhlaba.

Yiziphi izimiso okufanele zilandelwe amayunithi okulahla udaka lapho kukhethwa izindlela zokulahla udaka? Yiziphi izinto okufanele zinakwe?

Ukukhethwa kwezindlela zokulahla udaka kufanele kulandele izimiso ezintathu:

Okokuqala, umgomo "wokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza nokushiswa njengento eyinhloko, indawo yokulahla imfucumfucu njengensiza" kufanele ilandelwe, futhi ukuphuma kodaka, izici zodaka, indawo, ukuthuthwa kodaka, izimo zemvelo kanye nezinga lokuthuthukiswa komnotho nezenhlalakahle kufanele kubhekwe ngokugcwele. ngokufanelekile khetha indlela yokulahla.

Okwesibili, ukulahlwa kodaka kufanele kuhambisane nohlelo lokulahlwa kodaka lwesifunda, kuhlanganiswe namaqiniso asendaweni, futhi kuhlanganiswe nezinhlelo ezifanele njengokuthuthwa kwendle kwemvelo kanye nokusetshenziswa komhlaba.

Okwesithathu, ngokwendlela yokulahla udaka, kufanele kukhethwe ubuchwepheshe obuhambisanayo bokwelapha udaka. Isibonelo, lapho i-sludge ilahlwa ngokusetshenziswa komhlaba, kuhle ukukhetha ukugaya kwe-anaerobic, ukuvutshelwa kwe-aerobic kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha; uma ilahlwa ngokushiswa, kuhle ukukhetha ukomisa okushisayo kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha; uma ilahlwa ngokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwakha, kuhle ukukhetha ukomisa okushisayo nokuqiniswa kwe-lime kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha; lapho ilahlwa yi-landfill, kuhle ukhethe ukuphelelwa amanzi okugxilile, ukomisa okushisayo, ukuqiniswa kwe-lime kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha.

Izinyathelo zokuphepha ezifanele zihlanganisa izici ezinhlanu:

Okokuqala, uma kukhona umhlaba we-saline-alkali, umhlaba ogwadule kanye nezimayini ezishiywe eduze nendawo ye-sludge, kuhle ukusebenzisa izindlela zokusebenzisa umhlaba, njengokulungiswa kwenhlabathi nokuthuthukiswa.

Okwesibili, uma kunesikhungo samandla ashisayo noma indawo yokushiswa kwemfucuza eduze nendawo yodaka, ukushiswa kufanele kuthathwe.

Okwesithathu, uma kukhona isitshalo sikasimende noma imboni yezitini eduze nendawo ye-sludge, izinto zokwakha kufanele zisetshenziswe.

Okwesine, uma kunendawo yokulahla imfucuza ehlanzekile eduze nendawo yodaka, kufanele isetshenziswe njengesithasiselo senhlabathi esimboza udoti.

Okwesihlanu, lapho izinsiza zomhlaba esizeni sodaka ziyindlala, kufanele kusetshenziswe ukushiswa noma izinto zokwakha.

Yiziphi izindlela eziqondile zokusebenzisa umhlaba we-sludge kuleli zinga? Yikuphi ukuqapha okufanele kwenziwe endaweni ye-sludge kanye nesizinda sokufaka isicelo ngaphambi nangemuva kokusetshenziswa komhlaba odaka?

Izindlela zokusebenzisa umhlaba we-sludge kuleli zinga zifaka ukwakheka kwezwe, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wehlathi, ukulungiswa kwenhlabathi kanye nokwenza ngcono.

Ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa komhlaba, iyunithi yokulahla udaka kufanele iqaphe ukungcola odongeni. Uma inani lesicelo likhulu, imvamisa yokuqapha iyanda. Ngasikhathi sinye, amanani angemuva ezinkomba ezahlukahlukene ezingcolisayo enhlabathini nasemanzini angaphansi kwesizinda sokufaka isicelo kufanele aqashelwe.

Ngemuva kokusetshenziswa komhlaba, iyunithi yokulahla udaka kufanele iqaphe njalo inhlabathi namanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngemuva kokufakwa kwe-sludge, futhi ibheke ukukhula kwezitshalo.

Amarekhodi okuqapha nawokubheka kufanele agcinwe isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka emi-5.

Ingabe kuyadingeka ukwelapha kusengaphambili udaka ngaphambi kokugaya kwe-anaerobic?

Njengamanje, ukugaya kwe-anaerobic kungenye yezindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa zokwelashwa kodaka ezitshalweni zokuhlanza indle emadolobheni. Inqubo yokugaya i-anaerobic ngokuyinhloko iqukethe izigaba ezine: i-hydrolysis, i-acidification, ukukhiqizwa kwe-acetic acid nokukhiqizwa kwe-methane. Njengoba iningi le-matrix yomsoco edingwa ama-microorganisms ohlelweni lwe-hydrolysis ikhona ngaphakathi kwe-sludge flocs kanye ne-microbial cell membranes (izindonga), izinga lokugaya i-anaerobic lilinganiselwe lapho ama-enzyme angaphandle kwe-extracellular engathintani ngokwanele ne-matrix yezakhi. Ubuchwepheshe obusebenzayo bokwelapha udaka bungasetshenziswa ukucekela phansi ama-sludge flocs kanye nolwelwesi lwamaseli e-sludge (izindonga), ukukhulula i-matrix yezakhi, futhi kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokugaya ukudla kwe-anaerobic.

Yiziphi izici okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho kwakhiwe izindawo ezimaphakathi zokuvutshelwa kwe-aerobic?

Ngesikhathi sokuthutha kanye nokunqwabelana kwesikhathi eside, udaka oluphelelwe amanzi lungase luchithe udaka, lukhiphe iphunga, njll., okuzolimaza indawo yasemadolobheni kanye nemvelo yomoya. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha kwayo indawo kufanele kuhambisane nohlelo oluyinhloko lokwakhiwa kwedolobha, uhlelo lokuvikela indawo ezungezile, uhlelo lochwepheshe lokukhucululwa kwendle kwemvelo yasemadolobheni neminye imithetho efanele, futhi kuthintane ngokugcwele nemibono yabantu bendawo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umthamo wokwelapha nokuthutha wesixhumanisi ngasinye emzileni wokusebenza kodaka kufanele umiswe ngokunengqondo, futhi ubudlelwano phakathi kwevolumu yokwelashwa kwephrojekthi kanye nevolumu eyamukelekayo kufanele kubhekwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubola okujulile kodaka ngemva kokuvutshelwa kanye ngcono ukuphepha kokusetshenziswa komhlaba.